Pharmacy benefit managers can increase value through promoting use of cost-effective medications, timely initiation of essential therapy, and adherence to that therapy.

Continuous home oxygen therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease seems more cost-effective than other health technologies covered by Medicare, while nocturnal oxygen therapy is not.

Patients who obtained authorization but did not get initial mental health treatment needed treatment as much as or more than patients who presented for care.

Integrated health management programs combining disease prevention and disease management services, although popular with employers, may not save money, at least in their first year.

Step therapy with antihypertensives may lead to medication cost savings but may have unintended effects on other medical care utilization and spending.

Retrospective chart review to assess the impact of the Diabetes Physician Recognition Program showed that most patients achieved control levels recommended by national treatment guidelines.

Nationwide data on hospital emergency department visits reveal little evidence of unintended adverse consequences associated with publicly reporting hospitals’ antibiotic timing in pneumonia.