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Patient Preferences for Colon Cancer Screening: The Role of Out-of-Pocket Costs
In this issue of The American Journal of Managed Care, Schroy and colleagues1 present the results of a survey of informed patient preferences for colon cancer screening. After administering an updated version of their previously tested decision aid, they found that 51% of patients preferred screening colonoscopy; the next most frequent first choices were stool DNA testing (28%) and conventional guaiac-based fecal occult blood test (FOBT) (18%). Two newer technologies, computed tomographic colonogra-phy and fecal immunochemical testing, were not evaluated.
Among patients who preferred colonoscopy, test accuracy was rated as the most influential test feature; those who preferred stool testing were more likely to rate concerns about discomfort or frequency of testing as most important. Notably, participants were asked to state their preference under the assumption that the different tests were all available without any out-of-pocket costs. When participants were asked if they would change their decision if they had to pay out-of-pocket costs, few changed their preferences, but the magnitude of the out-of-pocket costs was not provided to participants.
Several other studies2-7 have examined informed patients' preferences for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening© (Table) and found that no single form of screening is clearly predominant. In general, the most popular form of screening is the one that is perceived to be the most effective in identifying cancer or polyps and in reducing CRC incidence and mortality.
The issue of whether (and how) information about test costs should be presented in decision aids about CRC screening or in other health decisions is an important one. In 1999, my coworkers and I published the results of an experiment in which informed patients were asked their preferences regarding FOBT, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and the combination of both tests, and we found that patient preferences were significantly different with versus without costs ($10 for FOBT and $150 for flexible sigmoidoscopy) included.3 More recently, other colleagues and I performed a laboratory-based experiment using an expanded set of CRC screening options; when we provided information about 2 tests ($10 for FOBT and $200 for colonoscopy), we found that patient preferences differed considerably depending on whether or not out-of-pocket test costs were included (68% chose colonoscopy with no copayment vs 41% with a copay-ment).7 However, when respondents were given 5 testing options ($50 for adding flexible sigmoidoscopy and $50 for barium enema, as well as the combination of FOBT and flexible sigmoidoscopy), there was little or no difference in preferences by out-of-pocket costs (46% chose colonoscopy with no copayment vs 42% with a copayment), suggesting that the number of options influences the processing of information such as out-of-pocket costs.
Most of the other studies that have examined patient preferences for CRC screening have not directly addressed the effect of different levels of out-of-pocket costs or copayments. Leard and colleagues2 provided 100 patients with an oral scripted presentation of information about 4 testing options plus the option of no screening. Unit costs were 1 of 14 attributes considered ($5-$10 for FOBT, $80-$135 for flexible sigmoidoscopy, $285-$500 for colonoscopy, and $131-$200 for barium enema). They found that FOBT (31%) and colonoscopy (38%) were the most frequently preferred options. They noted in the discussion that "cost was not a significant factor in the patients' preferences" but did not present data supporting this assertion, and they did not assess preferences with versus without costs.2(p217)
The magnitude of out-of-pocket costs may also influence preferences or interest in screening. To date, I am aware of no study that has examined the effect of more than 2 levels of out-of-pocket costs or copayments for a single CRC test. This area should be the subject of future research. Another important topic for further research is whether information about costs should be framed as the total cost of the procedure or the amount the patient has to pay out of pocket. Although total costs may be more relevant to societal decisions, I believe that out-of-pocket costs are more salient for the individual patient. Practically, it may be difficult for providers or decision aid developers to determine specific out-of-pocket costs for individual patients, which limits the feasibility of providing such information, except perhaps in the traditional Medicare system. Health plans that wish to promote screening should consider reducing the variation in copayment levels across their policies. Payers may also consider reducing copay-ment levels if they plan to promote screening.8
Author Affiliation: From the Department of Internal Medicine and Cecil Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Funding Source: The Research Triangle Institute-University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Center for Health Promotion Economics is supported by grant 1P30CD000138-01 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Address Correspondence to: Michael Pignone, MD, MPH, Department of Internal Medicine and Cecil Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 5039 Old Clinic Bldg, UNC Hospital, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7110. E-mail: pignone@med.unc.edu.
Author Disclosure: Dr Pignone has served as a consultant for Dr Shroy's research team on another project related to colon cancer screening decision making.
Authorship Information: Dr Pignone was responsible for concept and design, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting of the manuscript, and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content.
1. Schroy PC III, Lal S, Glick JT, Robinson PA, Zamor P, Heeren TC. Patient preferences for colorectal cancer screening: how does stool DNA testing fare? Am J Manag Care. 2007;13:393-400.
2. Leard LE, Savides TJ, Ganiats TG. Patient preferences for colorectal cancer screening. J Fam Pract. 1997;45:211-218.
3. Pignone M, Bucholtz D, Harris R. Patient preferences for colon cancer screening. J Gen Intern Med. 1999;14:432-437.
4. Ling BS, Moskowitz MA, Wachs D, Pearson B, Schroy PC. Attitudes toward colorectal cancer screening tests. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16: 822-830.
5. Dolan JG, Frisina S. Randomized controlled trial of a patient decision aid for colorectal cancer screening. Med Decis Making. 2002;22:125-139.
6. Wolf RL, Basch CE, Brouse CH, Shmukler C, Shea S. Patient preferences and adherence to colorectal cancer screening in an urban population. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:809-811.
7. Griffith JM, Lewis CL,Tytell Brenner A, Pignone MP. The effect of offering different numbers of colorectal cancer screening test options in a decision aid video: a randomized trial. Abstract presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for Medical Decision Making; October 18, 2006; Boston, Mass. http://smdm.confex.com/smdm/2006ma/techprogram/p2821.htm. Accessed May 27, 2007.
8. Braithwaite RS, Rosen AB. Linking cost sharing to value: an unrivaled yet unrealized public health opportunity. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:602-605.
