Tricuspid Regurgitation Reliable Prognostic Indicator of PAH Severity

Following a diagnosis of low-risk pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), treatment-naive patients could benefit from an evaluation of tricuspid regurgitation and how it may contribute to their prognosis, with severity deemed critical by study authors based on tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) or systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) findings.

Their single-center, retrospective, longitudinal analysis, published recently in European Respiratory Journal Open Research,¹ compared outcomes between patients with mild tricuspid regurgitation or no evidence of it and patients with a moderate or higher degree of tricuspid regurgitation. The primary survival end point was all-cause death, and the primary study objective was the prognostic value of tricuspid regurgitation in patients with incident PAH. Patients (N = 147) were enrolled from the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, between 2011 and 2021. To be included, their PAH diagnostic work-up had to conform to European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society guidelines and meet the criteria for precapillary pulmonary hypertension, and they had to be nonresponders to acute vasodilator testing with nitric oxide at diagnosis.

The mean (SD) patient age was 58 (18) years, 71% were women, the median body mass index was 27.2 (95% CI, 23.1-31.0) kg/m², and 86% had World Health Organization functional class III/IV disease. The most common types of PAH seen were idiopathic (45%) and connective tissue disease (33%), mean baseline systolic blood pressure was 124 (20) mm Hg, median baseline creatinine was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.70-1.3) mg/dL^-1, mean right atrium area was 25 (8) cm², and the top therapies at discharge were an endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) plus a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor (52%) or monotherapy with either an ERA or a PDE inhibitor.

The present study authors write that tricuspid regurgitation holds significant prognostic value and that its measure “is critical to stratify the prognosis of patients who would have been considered at low risk based on normal values of TAPSE or of TAPSE/sPAP.” | Image Credit: © Richelle-stock.adobe.com

Per degree of tricuspid regurgitation (0/1+, mild/none; 2/3+, moderate/severe), patients diagnosed with moderate tricuspid regurgitation or worse saw correlations with worse TAPSE and TAPSE/sPAP; had similar right ventricular (RV) areas, transverse diameters, and short:long axis ratio on echocardiography; and worsened RV longitudinal diameter:

• TAPSE: 1.6 (0.6) vs 1.8 (0.6) cm, respectively (P = .033)
• TAPSE/sPAP: 0.19 (0.10) vs 0.28 (0.16) mm/mm Hg (P < .001)
• RV end area:
  • Diastolic: 28.5 (6.7) vs 30.4 (7.6) cm² (P = .197)
  • Systolic: 21.7 (7.5) vs 21.9 (6.7) cm² (P = .929)
• RV transverse diameter: 43.2 (8.1) vs 42.8 (8.1) mm (P = .831)
• Short:long axis ratio: 1.20 (0.17) vs 1.19 (0.11)
• RV longitudinal diameter: 74.4 (9.1) vs 79.8 (9.2) mm (P = .030)

Peak oxygen consumption and right atrial pressure also were also impaired among those with moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation, according to right heart catheterization, which is used to confirm diagnosis following evidence of pulmonary hypertension seen on echocardiography.² The median follow-up was 38.8 (95% CI, 21.5-56.3) months.¹

Overall, on univariate Cox analysis, moderate/severe tricuspid regurgitation was the only echocardiographic parameter linked to worse survival (HR, 3.34; 95% CI, 1.73-6.45; P < .001) after adjusting for demographics. However, a subanalysis conducted among patients with reduced or preserved TAPSE showed moderate/severe tricuspid regurgitation had a negative prognostic value solely among patients with preserved TAPSE (HR, 9.26; 95% CI, 2.62-31.69; P < .001), and among patients with low- or intermediate/high-risk TAPSE/sPAP, moderate or worse tricuspid regurgitation had a negative prognostic value only in low-risk patients (HR, 17.9; 95% CI, 2.1-150.1; P = .008).

Regarding their findings, the study authors write that tricuspid regurgitation holds significant prognostic value and that its measure “is critical to stratify the prognosis of patients who would have been considered at low risk based on normal values of TAPSE or of TAPSE/sPAP.” Their results also hold value because they both echo previous research and expand on those findings.

Still, there are limitations to their data, including the small sample size and the fact that tricuspid regurgitation degree was not quantitatively measured beyond the mild/none and moderate/severe classification. Future studies are needed to evaluate their results.

References

1. Ghio S, Moschella MM, Baccelli A, et al. Clinical and prognostic role of tricuspid regurgitation in incident patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. ERJ Open Res. 2025;11(4):00929-2024. doi:10.1183/23120541.00929-2024
2. Pulmonary hypertension. Mayo Clinic. Accessed August 12, 2025. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350702