Erin Trish, PhD

Under preferred pharmacy networks, unsubsidized Part D beneficiaries faced substantial incentives and moderately switched toward preferred pharmacies, whereas subsidized beneficiaries were insulated and demonstrated little switching.

Hospital price transparency data suggest that health insurance exchange (HIX) plans get lower negotiated rates than commercial group plans and higher negotiated rates than Medicare Advantage plans.

Mean in-network commercial allowed amounts and charges per anesthesia conversion factor are 314% and 659% of traditional Medicare rates, respectively. Medicare Advantage payments align with traditional Medicare prices.

In addition to protecting patients from receiving unexpected bills, policies to address surprise billing could reduce health insurance premiums by 1% to 5%.

Provider-owned insurers sell individual policies in areas that cover 62% of the US population and have premiums similar to policies of traditional insurers.

Enrollment in a consumer-directed health plan increases the financial burden associated with healthcare utilization, especially for those with lower incomes and with chronic conditions.

Provider-owned insurers have the potential to reduce costs, but face challenges building competitive provider networks.